FAST BATCHING The Need for Speed by Jerry Kyckelhahn Tucked away in the pristine wilderness of Pasco County in western Florida is the newest of five ready mixed concrete plants of Keys Concrete Industries.  The plant stands just south of the intersection of State Road 52 and Ehren Cutoff Road, some 5 miles west of Interstate 75 leading south into the greater Tampa area.  The plant operates as a testimony to the possibilities of managing the convergent needs of nature, agriculture, and emerging residential and commercial growth.  To those in the industry, perhaps most noteworthy is the batching speed of the plant. The Ehren Cutoff Plant is capable of weighing up a 10 cubic yard load and putting it into the truck in under one minute fifteen seconds.  This results in a truck to truck-to-truck time of well under two minutes.  At worst case the plant is capable of batching 300 yards per hour under normal operational conditions.  The question most often asked about the plant is “Why the need for that type of speed”, particularly when the market volume in the area is comparatively small. Batching speeds in the ready mixed concrete industry are increasingly rapidly.  This article looks at four factors having an impact on decisions on plants and puts them into perspective in this day of changing market and profitability needs.  These factors include the following: The need to satisfy current market volume demands The need to satisfy current market speed demands The need to improve truck and operator efficiency The need to satisfy future market speed and volume demands The following terms are used in this article: Batch time:  Time from batch start to truck finished loading Cycle time:  Time from one truck finishing loading to the following truck finished loading Rated plant capacity:  Theoretical capacity of plant assuming no time elapses between end of one load and start of a second load Operational plant capacity:  Actual plant capacity given that some time will elapse between the end of one batch and the start of another under normal operations (This article assumes 30 seconds for this change from one truck to the next and 10 cubic yard load sizes) Satisfying Current Market Volume Demands One common method used to determine required plant capacity is to balance plant capacity and mixer truck requirements.  The calculations generally use the following logic balancing round trip times with plant capacity:  Assumptions: Expected market volume/day:                800 yards/day Expected average volume/truck/day:       32 cubic yards Expected avg. Round Trip Time:            100 minutes Calculations: Truck Requirement:                           25 trucks (NOTE: 800/32) Cycle time (truck-to-truck):    4 minutes (NOTE:100 min rtt/25 trucks) Theoretical batch time required:  3.5 minutes Rated plant capacity:                         180 yards per hour Using this method for planning for plant capacity, the plant is in balance with fleet size.  With a cycle time of 4 minutes, truck-to-truck, we can estimate an operational capacity of approximately 150 yards per hour. This in turn requires a batch time of  3 –1/2 minutes and therefore a plant with a rated capacity of approximately 180 yards per hour.  There are a number of problems associated with using this method of planning for plant capacity.  These include: Queuing times can significantly reduce truck and driver efficiency when a number of trucks return to the plant within a short period of time (Leaving a plant at 4 minutes per load does not guarantee returning to the plant at even spacing) This method does not address the problem of satisfying customers with faster off-load times while maintaining an existing customer base Satisfying Current Market Speed Demands While the volume of a particular market may not have changed significantly over the last few years, it is probable that the speed demands have changed.  Much of this increased speed demand is due to technological changes in the concrete placing industry.  These changes have resulted in concrete crews being able to place concrete much faster than just a few years ago.  Some of these changes include laser screeds, high volume pumps, and better survey control.  It is not unusual for even a small crew to now be able to place concrete at rates in excess of 120 cubic yards per hour. These faster placing rates have had a dramatic impact on ready mixed concrete production that is often not addressed in plant planning and evaluation.  Increasingly, we see the batching rate of a plant to be a primary consideration in scheduling instead of mixer truck fleet size, the historical determinant.  But what impacts do high volume placing techniques have on batching speed?  It is worth examining some of the considerations of speed planning. Taking the example from the preceding section, let us assume that we have a plant with an operational capacity of 150 yards per hour.  Further let us suppose that Contractor A, one of the company’s better customers, typically uses a boom pump and places concrete at a rate of 120 yards per hour, or one load every five minutes.  In order to provide concrete to this fast customer and to maintain the remainder of the company’s base, how fast of a plant is needed?  To provide perfect service to Contractor A alone (being unreal for the moment) and to give him a load every five minutes, obviously we must first have a plant capable of batching 120 yards per hour. Again in the world of perfection, in order to both provide for this customer and to take even one additional order, we would have to have a plant capable of batching 240 yards per hour.  Any less than 240 yards per hour and we would not be able to batch a load for this customer ever five minutes.  For example, if we had a plant which could batch every 3 minutes, or 200 yards an hour, we would have a six minute gap between loads if any other load was batched between the loads for Contractor A.  Even in the real world, it is evident that a company with a customer who often pours 120 yards per hour is strained with the150 yard per hour plant from the preceding paragraph, even if that plant meets the average volume requirement of 800 yards per day.  Intuitively, the plant that can produce only 150 yards per hour is limited to 30 yards per hour in orders for other customers on those days when Customer A is pouring. Even then the excess of 30 yards per hour is only available when providing less that optimum service to Contractor A. A market may be therefore defined not only by how many yards per day is anticipated, but also by peak hourly demands of its customers.  This becomes increasingly important as placement technology continues to improve.  Today, even in moderate sized markets, it is common for at least once contractor to place concrete at rates approaching or even exceeding 120 cubic yards per hour, for numerous contractors to be placing at 60-80 cubic yards per hour, and for a large part of the remaining contractors to be placing at 30-50 yards per hour.  It is clear that plants with batching capabilities less than 150 yards per hour are becoming increasingly irrelevant and it can be expected that soon plants under 180 yards per hour will be marginal. Increasing Truck and Driver Efficiency A common statement heard when discussing the virtues of fast plants is “Why should I have a two minute batch plant when my drivers spend 6 minutes on the slump rack?”  Simply, with a two minute batch plant, trucks can get on the way to the job every two minutes no matter how long they might spend on the slump rack (within reason of course).  If it is known that the drivers will spend 4 minutes on the slump rack, it is much cheaper to build two slump racks (time on the rack divided by batch time) than to buy more trucks or to build another plant.  If they will spend 6 minutes at the rack, one might expect to try to build three racks.  Experience also indicates that when trucks are coming to the slump rack quickly, the preceding drivers will move faster to get out of the way, particularly if that is company policy!  It is given that batch time has little impact on round-trip-time and therefore truck or driver efficiency during the round trip time.  If an average round trip time is 100 minutes, a four minute batch time will only add 2 minutes to the round trip time with a batch time of two minutes.  However, there is a huge difference in the number of trucks that each of these two plants can get out of the gate in one hour.  A 2 minute batch plant can get 30 trucks out the gate in an hour, a 4 minute plant only 15 trucks out the gate (regardless of time spent at the slump rack).  Second, it is worth examining the queuing effect of faster plants.  With a fleet size of 25 or more, it is a common occurrence for 6 trucks to return to the yard within a short period of time.  In a plant with a cycle time of 4 minutes, the last truck will have been in the yard for 20 minutes of non-productive time before being batched. Total lost time for the 5 waiting trucks is  60 minutes.  A 2 minute batch time plant will result in a 12 minute loss of time for the last truck and a combined loss for the 5 trucks of only 30 minutes. Though these losses seem small, this is a typical occurrence that happens many times throughout each day.  This queuing effect not only results in added cost, but also, and perhaps more significantly, it results in the loss of service quality to the customers. A final effect is that more orders can be taken for the plant that batches in 2 minutes than for the 4 minute plant.  Why?  Trucks are able to get out of the yard faster.  This volume effect can result in another significant, though somewhat unpredictable, productivity increase even given no increase in the number of trucks.  The combined effect of round trip time decrease, queuing effect decrease, and volume effects are not accurately predictable.  On one plant upgrade, from which some of the observations of this article are taken, the change from a 150 yard per hour plant to a 300 yard per hour plant resulted in an 18% productivity increase, with the market and number of trucks remaining the same.  Subsequently, it lead to a large market increase due to increased capacity and better service. Satisfying Future Market Requirements This is such an obvious consideration that it is hardly worthy of mention.  The reason that it is mentioned in this article is that, historically, market volume requirements have been recognized in plant planning, however, future technological advances which may impact plant requirements have not been fully considered.  From the production side, the industry has seen changes in mixer design including boosters, front discharge mixers, and mixer designs which have not only increased load capacity, but have also increased load height and decreased load times.  On the contractor side, the technological changes described above have increased the contractors’ demand per hour thereby increased the production requirement at the plant.  Improved computerized scheduling and dispatching techniques have allowed increased span of control thereby improving the ability to dispatch trucks from a single plant, increasing the number of trucks that can be handled at a plant.  Finally, improved computer batching controls allow faster weigh ups and discharges thereby faster batch times.  What all of this leads to is the fact that speed is less expensive than ever before.  A 300 yard per hour plant may cost $100,000 more than a 150 yard per hour plant to purchase and construct, but… The 300 yph plant can support up to 50 trucks while the 150 yph plant can only support 25 (average volume method, 100 minute RTT) The 300 yph plant allows support of a 120 yph contractor while maintaining a sizable customer base (or two 120 yph customers plus others) while the 150 yph plant allows supporting one 120- yph contractor and almost nothing else Assuming a 10% productivity gain with the 300 yph plant (low estimate) this comes to roughly $1.50 per yard improvement.  Basically the faster plant is paid for in 80,000 yards (Ignoring time-value of money which is low at current interest rates) Service is significantly improved with the 300 yph plant Future technological and market advances are generally not a problem with the faster plant Since rarely do two companies share the same methods of generating rate of return calculations, look at one set of very simple numbers.  If the 300 yard per hour plant costs $100,000 more than the 150 yard per hour and if these plants will be in use for 20 years, the cost of the faster plant is approximately $400 per month (not getting hung up in the time value of money).  Looking at life cycle economics, this seems relatively inexpensive for the obvious returns.